Skin aging
Skin aging is an inevitable process of age—related changes in the skin, as the synthesis of collagen and elastin slows down, which inevitably affects the condition of the skin of the face. However, signs of skin aging are often observed in young women. Premature aging of the skin is quite common. It is caused by the influence on the epidermis of many destructive factors such as ultraviolet rays, poor ecology, poor nutrition, etc.
The content of the article:
Natural and premature aging
The first signs of skin aging
Obvious signs of skin aging
External signs of skin aging
Theories of skin aging
Prevention of skin aging
Skin aging
Fortunately, it is quite possible to prevent premature aging or even get rid of its manifestations if you contact a cosmetologist in time, who will detect the causes of the pathological process and select a set of measures to eliminate it. There are many cosmetic procedures to eliminate the first signs of aging. The most effective of them is biorevitalization, which involves the introduction of injections of hyaluronic acid under the skin. To prevent early skin aging, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, use sunscreens, and not smoke.
Natural and premature aging
Scientists have proved that the type of human aging is inherent in nature itself. Nevertheless, it is possible to distinguish several periods of skin aging. Aging processes start at the age of 25, which is caused by hormonal changes in the body and slowing down cell regeneration. Of course, at this age, the functional reserves of the body are still quite high, so the metabolic processes in it proceed quite quickly. The appearance of the first wrinkles at the age of 25 is usually associated with the influence of negative environmental factors on the skin.
The first signs of skin aging
The first noticeable signs of skin aging are usually detected at 28-30 years old. This process can be explained as follows: with age, the cycle of epidermis change increases significantly (from 28 days to 45-60). Therefore, the dead cells begin to peel off very slowly, as a result of which the dermis becomes thin. In addition, collagen and elastin fibers degrade, and moisture from the skin evaporates many times faster. All this leads to the formation of deep wrinkles.
Obvious signs of skin aging
Signs of skin aging become very noticeable by the age of 50: it sags, deep wrinkles appear, nasolabial folds are strongly marked. It is worth noting that in old age, the upper layers of the skin usually become very thin, the level of moisture and fat content is rapidly decreasing in them. The skin becomes very dry even in those women who had oily skin at a young age.
It is also important that after 50 years, the production of hyaluronic acid slows down, which leads to dehydration of the skin. As the skin begins to produce less and less melanin over time, it becomes sensitive to the effects of ultraviolet rays.
It is impossible to avoid biological aging of the skin, except to slow it down. On the contrary, it is quite possible to avoid premature skin aging, since it is provoked by various external factors. The most harmful external stimuli for the skin are:
free radicals: they are formed under the influence of radiation and ultraviolet rays, changing the heredity in the cell nuclei and significantly reducing the quality of new cells;
ultraviolet rays: the danger is that they reduce the number of cells that are responsible for immune protection, which leads to the formation of excess melanin and increased skin sensitivity;
wind and frost: the skin should be protected from the effects of adverse weather conditions to prevent its dehydration and drying;
smoking — smokers develop wrinkles at the corners of the mouth at an early age, the skin becomes gray and dry;
ecology — polluted air has a disastrous effect on the skin, so it needs to be cleaned of impurities daily.
External signs of skin aging
Dermatologists distinguish several main types of skin aging. Each of these types is characterized by specific external manifestations. It is necessary to correctly determine the type of aging in order to choose the most optimal program for its elimination.
“Tired face”
This type of aging is characterized by a noticeable decrease in the elasticity of facial tissues, which can be triggered by a variety of factors: constant fatigue, smoking, stress, lack of sleep. Usually, at this stage of aging, wrinkles are still very weakly expressed, obvious changes in the contour of the face are not observed. After rest and in the morning, the face looks quite young and healthy, but in the evening, after nervous overloads and stresses, a tired senile expression appears on it.
This type of aging is short-lived, because it is replaced by another one within a short time. Its most characteristic features include puffiness of the face, drooping corners of the mouth, the severity of the nasolabial fold. To eliminate the first signs of skin aging, it is necessary to use moisturizing and nourishing creams, eat right and periodically do facial massage.
“Wrinkled face”
The most pronounced sign of this type of aging is the appearance of wrinkles on the neck and face. They are not always deep and noticeable, but look like a thin mesh. Since the cause of the pathological process is a lack of hydration of the skin, it becomes excessively dry, “crow’s feet” appear in the corners of the eyes, small wrinkles form near the lower and upper eyelids.
To prevent the deterioration of the situation, it is necessary to protect the skin from the harmful effects of environmental factors — wind and sun. In addition, it is worth using moisturizers, fluids and serums that penetrate well into the epidermis. Injections of hyaluronic acid are ideal for eliminating wrinkles.
Senile deformity
This type of skin aging is characterized by deformation of soft tissues, as well as a change in the oval of the face. At risk are people who have an increased subcutaneous fat layer, so the manifestations of aging are usually quite pronounced. Due to the loss of elasticity of the skin, it can no longer hold the load of the subcutaneous fat layer, so it begins to sag.
The most noticeable manifestations of this type of aging are sagging cheeks, a violation of the contour of the face along the lower jaw, the appearance of a second chin, puffiness under the eyes. In this case, it can be recommended to constantly monitor weight, since in most cases aging of this type occurs due to a sharp weight loss. It is advisable to use cosmetics that have a lifting effect, as well as stimulate the synthesis of elastin and collagen fibers.
Combined type
It is often impossible to diagnose a certain type of aging. In such cases, a combined type is distinguished, which is characterized by both a decrease in the elasticity of soft tissues and the formation of wrinkles. At the same time, surface wrinkles appear first, which then become deeper.
In order to stop premature aging of this type, it is necessary to activate the production of collagen and elastin. This can be done with the help of cosmetic procedures such as peeling and mesotherapy. Injections of hyaluronic acid have a beneficial effect on the skin, leveling it and making it more elastic.
Muscular type
Usually this type of aging is diagnosed in people with slightly pronounced subcutaneous fat, who have well-developed facial muscles, and the skin is elastic and has moderate humidity. In such people, in comparison with others, signs of skin aging appear much later. This type of aging is characterized by hypotrophy and atrophy of the muscles of the face and skin. In the later stages of aging, due to this process, there is a pronounced displacement of the skin.
The most noticeable signs of muscular skin aging include the appearance of “crow’s feet” in the area around the eyes, as well as the folding of the lower and upper eyelids. In addition, a well-defined nasolabial fold usually appears in the later stages.
Late aging
In the late stages of aging, due to serious atrophic processes in the soft tissues, a change in the oval of the face is observed. Namely, outwardly this is manifested by the following signs: the temples and cheeks sink, the zygomatic and brow arches are slightly pushed forward, the eyes and mouth seem to be deeply seated, the auricles and nose increase. In addition, the face and neck gradually decrease in size.
An elderly face usually looks exhausted and sad, has pointed features, lowered edges of the eyebrows, overhanging folds of the upper eyelids. On the skin of the neck and face, defects such as deep wrinkles, seborrheic keratoses, telangiectasia are usually observed. It is possible to eliminate some manifestations of this type of aging only with the help of plastic surgery methods.
Theories of skin aging
Molecular genetic theories
The mechanisms of skin aging are quite complex, so today there are many theories that explain them. One of the most recognized and widespread hypotheses is based on the fact that the cause of skin aging is changes occurring in the genetic apparatus of cells. In science, it is customary to divide molecular genetic theories into two large groups: the first includes theories that consider aging as a genetically programmed change in the genome, and the second – theories that prove that aging is the result of the accumulation of mutations.
Telomeric theory
This theory appeared on the basis of the research of the American scientist L. Hayflick, who proved that skin cells (fibroblasts) capable of sharing. Namely, they can divide up to 50 times in a test tube. However, the researcher did not explain this process in any way. A.M. Olovnikov gave his explanation of this phenomenon in 1971. His hypothesis was based on the fact that every time a chromosome is shortened during cell division.
The fact is that chromosomes have specific end sections (telomeres), which become shorter after their doubling. At the same time, sooner or later they shorten so much that the cell stops dividing. Because of this, the cells lose their viability. The hypothesis about the shortening of chromosomes and the death of cells due to this formed the basis of the molecular genetic theory of aging.
Scientists were able to confirm this theory in 1985 after the discovery of the enzyme telomerase, which is able to complete shortened telomeres in tumor and germ cells, thereby ensuring their immortality. However, not all cells have a limit of 50 divisions. For example, stem and cancer cells can divide almost indefinitely.
Elevation (ontogenetic) theory of aging
In the 50s of the twentieth century, scientist V.M. Dilman unveiled the idea of the existence of a special regulatory mechanism that is responsible for age-related changes in various body systems. According to this hypothesis, the main link in the development and aging of the body is the hypothalamus. The scientist decided that the main cause of aging of the body is a decrease in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to signals that come from the endocrine glands and the nervous system.
Over the next decades, scientists have proved that this process is the cause of age-related changes in the functionality of the reproductive system. Dilman’s theory implies that aging and the diseases caused by it are a side process of the body’s development. It is important that such a model of understanding aging has helped to open up new approaches to the prevention and treatment of many age-related diseases such as malignant neoplasms, strokes, heart disease, metabolic immunosuppression, obesity, diabetes mellitus, mental depression. Scientists have proven that some of these diseases can be slowed down if homeostasis is stabilized at the level that the body reaches by the end of its development.
Adaptive-regulatory theory
In the 60-70 years, the scientist V.V. Frolkis developed a theory that proves the genetic programming of aging and death. The main premise of this theory is that human life expectancy and age-related changes are determined by two processes: together with the irreversible aging process, the reverse process also develops, which is aimed at increasing life expectancy, maintaining the viability and adaptive properties of the body.
A special place in this theory is also occupied by the hypothesis that the main mechanisms of human aging may be disorders in the genes that are responsible for the activity of structural genes. Due to age-related disorders of gene regulation, there are changes in the ratio of synthesized proteins in the body, as well as the appearance of proteins that have not been synthesized before.
The scientist also put forward a hypothesis confirming that the mechanisms of aging described by him underlie such age-related pathologies as cancer, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Depending on which function of a particular gene has been activated or suppressed, a certain pathology of aging develops.
Stochastic theories
This group includes theories proving that aging is the result of a number of random processes occurring at the molecular level. Namely, many scientists have proposed many hypotheses confirming that aging is the result of the accumulation of mutations in chromosomes due to the deterioration of the DNA repair mechanism.
Theory of free radicals
In the 50s of the twentieth century, the ideas of scientists D. Harman and N.M. Emanuelem were presented to the public almost simultaneously. These theories explain both the mechanism of aging of the body itself and a large range of pathological changes associated with it (cardiovascular diseases, brain function disorders, weakened immunity, cancer, cataracts). According to scientists, the cause of aging is free radicals, which are reactive oxygen species synthesized in mitochondria.
If a chemically active and aggressive free radical leaves its place for some reason, it can lead to damage to proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA. It is worth noting that nature has developed a system to protect the body from free radicals — for example, many substances that enter the body with food have antioxidant properties. Therefore, it is believed that regular consumption of such food provides the necessary daily dose of antioxidants. However, it must be remembered that an overdose of such substances can lead to an acceleration of oxidative processes in cells.
The theory of the catastrophe of errors
The American scientist M. Szilard in 1954 put forward the theory of aging of the body due to an error. He has been researching the effects of radiation on living organisms for a long time. As a result of these studies, he found that radiation significantly shortens the duration of life. Under its influence, various mutations are carried out in DNA molecules, which, according to the scientist, are the main cause of aging.
However, the scientist did not describe the mechanisms of aging of people and animals that were not exposed to radiation. L. Orgel, a follower of this theory, believes that mutations in the genetic apparatus can occur both spontaneously and under the influence of various aggressive factors such as ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation, and exposure to viruses. In addition, over time, the DNA repair system wears out, which activates the aging process.
Theory of apoptosis
This theory was proposed by the scientist V.P. Skulachev. It is based on apoptosis — the process of cell death, which was programmed in advance. It is believed that, like trees getting rid of parts in order to preserve the whole, over time, each cell, after passing its life cycle, should die off. The destruction of a cell can be provoked by infection with a virus or the beginning of mutational processes in it that provoke its malignancy. A cell can die because the end of its life has come. Cell death occurs so that it does not infect the entire body.
At the same time, this process is significantly different from necrosis, in which cells die violently due to poisoning, injury, burn, lack of oxygen due to blockage of blood vessels. On the contrary, as a result of apoptosis, the cell is independently disassembled into separate parts, after which neighboring cells use these parts as a building material.
Similar self-destruction occurs with mitochondria. The reason for this is the formation of an excessive amount of free radicals. When the number of dead mitochondria becomes quite large, their decay products provoke poisoning of the cell and its apoptosis. According to scientists, aging is a consequence of the fact that more cells die in the body than are born. At the same time, the dead cells gradually begin to be replaced by connective tissue. Old age is a real disease that it is quite possible to cure if you disable the aging program that shortens a person’s life expectancy.
Prevention of skin aging
Photoprotectors
Excessive exposure to UV rays on the skin leads to very serious consequences: the appearance of wrinkles, vascular asterisks, acne, changes in the elasticity and texture of the skin, exacerbation of dermatosis. However, it is worth noting that photoaging can be reversed if you choose the most appropriate skin care program. But you can get rid of the signs of photoaging only in the early stages.
Photoprotection is used to prevent early skin aging — a whole range of measures aimed at significantly reducing the doses of harmful ultraviolet radiation. One of the most important and effective measures is to significantly reduce the time spent in the sun. In particular, in summer it is advisable not to sunbathe from 10 am to 4 pm. In addition, it is worth wearing summer clothes that cover most of the body, as it is similar to using a cream with SPF-8. Photoprotectors, which are endogenous and exogenous, also play an important role in sun protection.
Endogenous photoprotectors include those that take inwards. Such substances have a strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect on the skin, thereby contributing to cell regeneration and reducing the amount of free radicals. Such protective substances include selenium, vitamins C and E, beta-caratin and retinol. In addition, some medications can protect against exposure to sunlight: antihistamines, aspirin, systemic corticosteroids.
Exogenous photoprotectors are products that are applied to the skin to protect it from ultraviolet radiation. They are usually presented in the form of various emulsions, oils, creams. In all these photoprotectors, two groups of chemical compounds are used. The first group includes screens that are considered mineral compounds by their chemical nature. These photoprotectors are able to refract and reflect the sun’s rays, as well as partially neutralize solar energy. Such substances usually include iron oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc dioxide.
The second group of photoprotectors includes substances representing organic compounds. These substances are able to absorb ultraviolet rays. Means are used to protect against UVA and UVB rays. As for the products designed to protect against UVA rays, they are mainly represented by benzophenols and dibenzoylmethanes, which are able to penetrate well into the deep layers of the skin. The remedies for UVB rays include salicylates, camphor derivatives, PABC.
Humidification
The cause of early wrinkles is often poor hydration of the skin of the face. The loss of moisture by the skin occurs due to the negative impact of various external factors – atmospheric and climatic phenomena. In addition, the air polluted with aggressive chemical compounds has a detrimental effect on the epidermis. Excessively low humidity usually causes the body to lose water. Increased humidity provokes the production of sebum.
It is believed that even with very high humidity, the skin should still be protected from drying out, so it constantly needs good hydration. Low temperature and low humidity also pose a serious danger to the skin of the face. Often the skin becomes dry due to wind exposure. As a result of this exposure, it becomes thin and begins to peel off. That is why, in order to prevent the loss of moisture by the skin, it is necessary to regularly apply moisturizing cosmetics.
However, it must be remembered that the older a woman is, the drier her skin becomes. Even if at a young age a woman had an oily skin type, by the age of 50 it will turn into dry. Therefore, over time, additional effective moisturizing of the skin is necessary, which will be very difficult to carry out with the help of conventional creams. The most effective way of total moisturizing of the skin is the introduction of injections of hyaluronic acid into it.
To eliminate signs of skin aging, a biorevitalization procedure is ideal, during which hyaluronic acid is injected into the epidermis, the concentration of which is as close as possible to the most natural for the body. It is for this reason that this substance is not rejected by the body, and also has a beneficial effect not only on the problem area, but also on the tissues adjacent to it.
The results of this procedure are simply amazing: the skin becomes more elastic and tightened, then shallow wrinkles disappear, and more pronounced wrinkles become less noticeable. It has been proven that just one molecule of hyaluronic acid can hold at least a thousand molecules of water. Therefore, after the introduction of the substance under the skin, there is a very powerful moisturizing, which has a prolonged effect.
Please note that injections of hyaluronic acid are a completely painless procedure. At a young age, this acid is actively produced by the body, but over the years the process of its accumulation slows down. It is for this reason that many women over the age of 30 have the first signs of skin aging — its flabbiness and wrinkling. In modern cosmetology, there are also non-invasive methods of introducing hyaluronic acid. These include hardware techniques — ultrasound, aquaphoresis, laser.
Healthy lifestyle
Premature aging of the skin depends on the lifestyle that a person leads: his diet, habits, work and rest regime. That is why a healthy lifestyle occupies an important place in the prevention of early skin aging. First of all, it implies a normal regime in which a person manages to get enough sleep. Lack of sleep has a detrimental effect on the general condition of the skin. If you regularly go to bed late and do not get enough sleep, a tired skin condition will appear, bags under the eyes, wrinkles will become more pronounced. Do not forget that it is during sleep that the formation of new skin cells occurs.
Another preventive tool that helps to avoid premature aging is sports. Nowadays, most people lead a sedentary lifestyle, which inevitably affects the state of their body. At the same time, the skin also suffers, which loses its elasticity and becomes flabby. Therefore, for the prevention of skin aging, it can be advised to regularly engage in physical exercises, thanks to which there is an increase in blood circulation, which has a good effect on metabolic processes and cell regeneration.
It is also important that it is sport that helps to get rid of stress, which has a disastrous effect on the skin. It has been proven that prolonged stress provokes stretching of elastic fibers and convulsive contraction of facial muscles. During severe stress, there is a lack of oxygen in the skin, due to the effects of adrenaline, capillary blood circulation is disrupted. The hormone cortisone, which is actively produced during stress, disrupts the process of skin cell renewal and collagen synthesis.
Bad habits have a huge impact on the skin of the face. Smokers’ skin very quickly becomes excessively dry, and a network of wrinkles appears around the mouth and eyes. Of course, it is advisable to give up this addiction, which provokes early aging of the skin. To prevent the negative effects of smoking, you will need to take beta-keratin, as well as vitamins C, E, A.
Excessive alcohol consumption is considered to be no less harmful harmful habit. It has been proven that alcohol leads to a significant expansion of capillaries, which is manifested by redness of the face and the appearance of vascular asterisks. Do not forget about the harmful effect of alcohol on the liver, problems with which are invariably displayed on the face. For the same reason, it is necessary to refrain from drinking tea and coffee in large quantities.
Of course, a healthy lifestyle is simply impossible without proper nutrition. Unfortunately, many modern people have formed unhealthy habits like frequent snacking instead of a full lunch or dinner, eating food with a high sugar content, reducing the diet of fruits and vegetables. To prevent early aging of the skin, nutrition should be balanced and enriched with vitamins. It is also very important to adhere to the correct drinking regime, thanks to which an optimal vital balance is maintained in the skin cells.
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