Sap is a particularly dangerous bacterial disease characterized by a septic-pyemic course. It is transmitted from ungulates to humans, expressed by purulent damage to the main organs and systems of man.
Not so long ago, this disease was widespread. However, today its range has significantly narrowed and individual outbreaks of the disease are registered in Africa, South America and Asia. As a rule, the disease affects people who somehow have contact with horses.
The reasons provoking the development of glanders
The causative agent is gram-negative bacillus, whose activity manifests itself in the temperature range from 20 to 45 degrees. With such a temperature regime in water and soil, this pathogen can exist for up to 1.5 months. The wand is very sensitive to heat, UV rays and disinfectants.
In addition to horses, herd animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, and mules become the source and reservoir of infection. Science has known cases of predatory animals eating the meat of infected ungulate cattle.
The entrance gates for glanders are most often damaged, injured mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, skin.
Types of ailment
Depending on the type of infection , there are three forms:
pulmonary;
nasal;
cutaneous.
Symptoms
The disease manifests itself as an acute or primary chronic disease. The acute phase is characterized by fever with a temperature of 38-40 degrees. The temperature is characterized by large daily fluctuations, accompanied by weakness, headaches, soreness of muscles and joints.
In places of penetration of the pathogen, papules of bright red color are injected and opened. The infection is accompanied by symptoms of lymphangitis and lymphadenitis. Numerous necrotic foci spread not only over the skin, but also through the internal organs.
In the pulmonary form of sap, it is characterized by the course of pneumonia. Joints are affected by this disease in the form of purulent arthritis, osteomyelitis. Characteristic skin ulcers appear on open skin areas. Pus forms in them. Sometimes a small amount of blood is recorded in it.
Chronic sap differs from the acute form by slow development and a longer course, which is interrupted by remissions. This form is manifested by intoxication, fevers, long-term non-healing ulcerative formations and abscesses, pneumonia.
Diagnostic program for sapa
The diagnosis of the disease is made on the basis of specific manifestations of the disease and data of back-sowing on nutrient media, data of serological reactions, as well as data of allergic and biological samples.
Differential diagnosis is required for such severe ailments as erysipelas, syphilis, anthrax, tuberculosis (with pulmonary form), plague, sepsis.
Treatment program for sapa
Treatment of the disease is carried out only in the hospital of the infectious department. The appointment of antimicrobial drugs in combination with vitamin therapy, oxygen therapy, the introduction of blood substitutes is shown. Drainage of abscesses and treatment of ulcers are shown. A good effect can be achieved by introducing doses of mallein in an increasing order. In the septic form of the disease, emergency measures are carried out.
Taking into account the severe prognosis for this ailment, it is worth being prepared for long-term therapy of glanders. In severe cases, it lasts longer than 30 days.
Prevention
Preventive measures for this ailment are:
veterinary control;
timely slaughter of sick animals;
compliance with safety and hygiene measures in the care and treatment of animals with suspected sap;
quarantine regime for persons who have been in contact with infected animals.
