Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are a pathological condition affecting the veins in the rectum. At the same time, their wall changes, it becomes thin and deformed. In fact, there is a varicose transformation of these vessels. In the future, they form nodes that can leave the rectum and become noticeable during normal examination. If we translate this medical term literally, it turns out that hemorrhoids mean bleeding. This is due to the fact that it is the main manifestation of this disease.

SYMPTOMS OF HEMORRHOIDS
Bleeding in hemorrhoids is the leading, but far from the only symptom. During the course of the disease, there are four stages of hemorrhoids characterized by certain signs:

In the initial stages, a small amount of blood most often appears, which can be detected after the act of defecation on a napkin.
At the second stage, the position of hemorrhoids changes (they appear on the surface, then disappear).
The third stage is accompanied by persistent loss of nodes from the lumen of the rectum, however, there is a possibility of manual reduction.
The fourth stage is the most difficult, when the nodes cannot be adjusted by manipulation.
The main signs of hemorrhoids that can accompany any stage, in addition to bleeding, include:

itching, redness and burning in the anus;
when an infection is attached due to constant combing, characteristic surface rashes and mucosal defects may appear;
transparent highlights appear with frequent loss of nodes;
the pain, which increases with straining, is a consequence of compaction, thrombosis and inflammation of the nodes.
CAUSES OF HEMORRHOIDS
The venous network located in the submucosal layer of the rectum gradually increases and grows with age and for other reasons. There are so-called nodes that can later be thrombosed, become hard and inflamed. By localization, they are external and internal.

The main mechanism triggering this chain of pathological processes is the stagnation of blood in these veins. The following factors can lead to this:

sedentary lifestyle;
sedentary work;
violation of the stool (constipation or diarrhea);
the use of large amounts of alcohol, spicy food, caffeine-containing beverages.
Not the last place is occupied by hereditary predisposition associated with anatomical features of the structure of the vein wall.

HEMORRHOIDS DURING PREGNANCY
Another risk factor is carrying a child, this is due to the fact that an enlarged uterus exerts pressure and leads to a violation of the outflow of blood from this area. Hemorrhoids during pregnancy may worsen or appear for the first time. Interestingly, after childbirth, symptoms often persist. This is due to hormonal changes in the woman’s body.

DIAGNOSIS OF HEMORRHOIDS
To diagnose this disease, a routine examination is often enough, but with internal localization or at the initial stages of the pathological process, the following examination methods are often resorted to:

Finger examination of the anus and rectum. At the same time, attention is paid to the state of the internal and external sphincter, the degree of reduction of nodes. With the help of a stroke irritation, the anal reflex is checked.
Rectoromanoscopy is indicated for all patients. The study allows you to examine up to 25 cm of the intestine.
If deeper penetration is needed, colonoscopy or irigoscopy is used.
Differential diagnosis should be carried out with rectal cancer, anal fissures and polyps, as well as other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS
The tactics of treatment of this disease depends on the severity of symptoms and on the condition of hemorrhoids. Medications are usually used for topical use. There are various forms of release:

Candles that need to be placed in the anus at night for 7-14 days.
Hemorrhoid ointment may contain various anti-inflammatory, hemostatic and anesthetic components. Depending on the severity of a particular symptom, the doctor selects the drug that may be useful in this situation.
Gels with hydrocortisone (steroid hormone) can be used only for short courses, since local immunity decreases and secondary infection can join.
A diet for hemorrhoids must necessarily be included in the treatment plan, regardless of the stage of the pathological process. Its main task is to normalize the stool (it is worth avoiding both diarrhea and constipation). It is impossible to eat irritating foods with this disease, and it is also worth limiting bakery products, potatoes, semolina and rice porridge. It is possible for hemorrhoids to eat foods with a high fiber content, coarse cereals, vegetables and fruits. Meals should be fractional and frequent enough. Do not forget about the drinking regime.

Surgical treatment of this disease is carried out either in an open traditional way, or using modern minimally invasive interventions. The latter include:

Sclerotherapy, during which special substances are injected directly into the affected veins, which lead to their adhesion.
Binding with latex rings is shown during the internal process. As a result, there is a decrease in blood flow to the nodes, so they gradually decrease in size.
Photocoagulation is carried out using a special light guide, which leads to the destruction of the node.
In cryotherapy, liquid nitrogen is used, with which the node is frozen. In the future, necrosis and death of damaged tissues occur.
It should be remembered that surgical treatment does not eliminate the cause of hemorrhoids, so after surgery it is necessary to carry out preventive measures aimed at normalizing blood circulation in this area.

At the initial stages of the pathological process, hemorrhoids can be treated at home, but the tactics must be coordinated with a proctologist or surgeon.

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