Flat feet

Flatfoot is a disease of the musculoskeletal system, in which the physiological structure of the foot is disrupted, as well as shock–absorbing functions are lost. There are two types of flat feet – longitudinal and transverse – depending on the arch of the foot. At the moment, flat feet are noted in more than 45% of people. Women are more predisposed to the development of the disease. According to the clinical picture, flat feet are manifested by pain, which increases during walking.

CLASSIFICATION OF FLAT FEET
Depending on the anatomy , there are three types of flat feet:

Longitudinal flat feet – flattening of the longitudinal arch of the foot.
Transverse flatfoot – flattening of the transverse arch of the foot.
Combined flat feet – combined flattening of both longitudinal and transverse arches.
According to the time of occurrence, congenital and acquired flat feet are distinguished. Congenital flat feet is a rather rare pathology. The main cause of the development of congenital pathology is disorders of intrauterine development. Detects this type of pathology only by the age of 6.

Acquired flat feet, in turn, are divided into:

Paralytic flat feet. Develops after suffering from diseases of the nervous system – polio.
Traumatic flat feet. Develops after injuries to the bones of the foot, heel bone, and ankles.
Rickety flat feet. Develops after rickets, lack of calcium, as a result of which bones lose their physiological strength.
Static flat feet. It develops as a result of asthenic syndrome of the muscular apparatus and bones of the lower limb.
Statistical flat feet are the most common type of pathology. There are many reasons for the development of this form – wearing the wrong and uncomfortable shoes, abuse of heels, obesity, insufficient physical activity, standing work.

DEGREES OF FLAT FEET
There are three main degrees of flat feet. So, in the first degree, the angle between 1 toe and 1 metatarsal is less than 20, in the second degree (moderately pronounced flatfoot), the angle does not exceed 35 degrees, and in severe flatfoot significantly exceeds 35 degrees.

SYMPTOMS OF FLAT FEET
Transverse flatfoot is the most common pathology among all types of flat feet. Characteristic symptoms are a fan–shaped foot, the length of the foot is significantly reduced. In most cases, deformity of the first finger develops.

Painful sensations occur when walking. The pains are usually aching or burning in nature. With a pronounced degree of flat feet, hammer-like fingers develop.

Longitudinal flat feet – with this form of flat feet, the length of the foot increases, the foot becomes flat, takes the form of flippers. With a pronounced pathology, the entire foot is in contact with the floor. With moderate and pronounced flat feet, the patient is disturbed by pain no longer at the end of the day, but even with prolonged walking or standing.

TREATMENT OF FLAT FEET
With incipient flat feet (in the prodromal period), it is sometimes enough to develop the right gait, walking barefoot – on sand, grass, on any uneven surface. Also, the patient is prescribed physical therapy and massage.

Physiotherapy has a positive effect – magnetic therapy, hydro massage, SMT. With more pronounced intermittent flat feet, the wearing of special orthopedic shoes and insoles is required. In severe cases of flat feet, immediate surgical intervention is indicated, during which various methods are resorted to – tendon transplantation, resection of individual bones of the foot.

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