Cervicitis is an inflammation of the vaginal areas of the cervix. What is cervicitis can be determined by the characteristic symptomatic manifestations of the disease. The inflammatory process of the cervix causes the presence of purulent or mucous secretions, pain in the lower abdomen, pain when urinating, discomfort during sexual intercourse. Cervical cervicitis of a chronic form causes the appearance of erosion, compaction of the walls of the cervix, infectious damage to the upper parts of the vagina.
The content of the article:
Cervicitis — what is it?
Causes of cercivitis
Symptoms of cervicitis
Diagnosis of cervicitis
Treatment of cervicitis
Cervicitis
Cervicitis — what is it?
The presence of cervicitis in the patient’s anamnesis is justified by infection in the cervical region. Symptoms of cervicitis include:
cloudy secret of purulent or mucous character;
pulling, dull pain of the lower abdomen with possible movement to the rectal zone;
discomfort during urination;
pain during sexual intercourse.
A chronic type of cervicitis provokes thickening of the uterine tissues, the appearance of erosion, causes the diffusion of the inflammatory process to the segments of the upper genital organs.
The cervix performs the function of protecting against infection in the uterus, cervical canal, mucous plug. Under favorable conditions, the infection penetrates and spreads to the cervix, reducing the strength of the protective barrier, which leads to the formation of cervicitis. The disease includes the development of exocervicitis and endocervicitis.
Exocervicitis is an inflammation of the vaginal area of the exocervix or cervix.
Endocervicitis is an inflammation of the endocervix — the internal sclera of the cervical canal of the cervix.
Causes of cercivitis
The occurrence of cervicitis is possible against the background of changes in pathogenic microflora: E. coli, streptococcus, Staphylococcus, fungi. In addition to conditionally pathogenic microflora, specific infections can provoke cervicitis: gonococcus, chlamydia, syphilis, Trichomonas, mycoplasma, viruses.
The occurrence of specific viruses of the genital tract is caused by infection during sexual intercourse; conditionally pathogenic vaginal microflora is formed due to the penetration of microbes from the rectum, blood, lymph inflammation.
The appearance of cervicitis of the cervix is preceded by factors such as:
cervical injuries during delivery;
diagnostic curettage;
surgical termination of pregnancy;
use of the IUD;
benign neoplasms of the uterus;
cicatricial deformities of the genitals.
Cervicitis, what is it, is mainly revealed by women of reproductive age. Rarely, symptoms appear in patients during menopause. Cervicitis is characterized by independent termination of pregnancy, chronic miscarriage; in the case of gestation, premature birth. The disease provokes the occurrence of erosion and polyps of the cervix, inflammation of the upper segments of the genitals.
Symptoms of cervicitis
The course of the disease is characterized by acute and chronic forms; focal and diffuse cervicitis are distinguished by the degree of tissue damage. The primary manifestation of the disease may have an erased course.
With acute cervicitis, mucous or purulent discharge is noted, in some cases — dull pain of the lower abdomen. Tissue edema, hyperemia of the cervical canal, mucosal diverticula, the presence of epithelial lesions with ulcers and hemorrhage are also characteristic.
The symptoms of cervicitis depend on the cause of the inflammatory process (conditionally pathogenic microflora or specific viruses), as well as on the state of the woman’s immunity in general.
Gonorrheal cervicitis: symptoms occur in an acute form with distinct clinical signs of the disease;
Chlamydial vaginal lesion: asymptomatic;
Herpetic inflammation: characterized by the appearance of scarlet uterine tissues, friability, the presence of fragments of ulceration;
With cervicitis caused by trichomonas, cells of an atypical nature are observed in the study of a smear, the presence of hemorrhage in the cervix;
Inflammation of the uterus with actinomycetes is found in the symptom of a “yellow granular spot”;
With the papiloma virus, ulcerative formations of the cervix are manifested, the occurrence of candylomas is possible.
Chronic active cervicitis is a form of the disease untreated or not detected in time in the acute stage of cervicitis. In the chronic form, cloudy purulent or mucous discharge appears, the cylindrical epithelium of the uterus grows (pseudoerosion). Clinical signs appear in mild form or are not detected at all. It is also possible to transform a cylindrical epithelium into a flat one. In chronic cervicitis, inflammation can affect adjacent tissues and glands with the formation of cysts and infiltration; compression of cervical tissues is noted.
Diagnosis of cervicitis
Often the disease has no symptoms. A greater number of cervicitis are differentiated during a gynecological examination of a preventive nature or when complaining of other diseases of the reproductive system. Diagnostic measures are aimed at determining the causes that provoked the occurrence of cervicitis.
To make an accurate diagnosis, the following studies are carried out:
gynecological examination of the cervix with mirrors;
colposcopy: used to differentiate changes and abnormal development of tissues. With cervicitis, the presence of edema and hyperemia of the mucosa, vascular formations, erosion, eversion of the mucosa outward is characteristic. Colposcopy will reveal the nature of vaginal inflammation: spot or widespread;
laboratory tests are carried out, including: smear diagnostics under a microscope, PCR diagnostics, bacposev for microflora and intolerance to antibiotic drugs.
Acute cervicitis is characterized by an increase in leukocytes, lymphocytes, and histiocytes. There is the presence of dystrophy of the squamous epithelium, as well as a cylindrical epithelium with a hypertrophied nucleus. In chronic active cervicitis, cells of various sizes are recognized on the cylindrical epithelium, in individual cases — cellular destruction.
Bacteriological diagnostics is carried out to identify microorganisms that have provoked the inflammatory process of the cervix. Also, this study is necessary for further selection of the correct antibiotic drug.
Cytomorphological examination of the smear is necessary to recognize changes in the stroma of cells and to track the results in the dynamics of the treatment of cervicitis.
Infectious diseases such as chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, gonorrhea, herpes, human papillomavirus can be differentiated exclusively by PCR diagnostics.
Treatment of cervicitis
In modern medicine, the treatment of cervicitis is based on the identification and elimination of the causes of infection in the vaginal segments. To do this, various diagnostic measures are carried out to study the hormonal balance of the body, endocrine disorders, changes in metabolism and protective properties of the patient’s body.
Treatment of cervicitis includes antibacterial and antiviral therapy. The treatment of the disease consists in determining the main causative agent of the infection, its reaction to medications, the stage of the course of the disease.
Chlamydial cervicitis involves the use of the following drugs:
tetracyclines: doxycycline, monomycin;
macrolides: erythromycin;
quinolone group: tarivid, maxaquin;
azalids: sumamed.
The candidiasis form of the disease is treatable with the use of duflucan.
Local treatment of cervicitis is necessary during the regression of acute symptoms. It is necessary to treat the cervix and vagina with solutions:
dimexide 3%;
chlorophyllipta 1-2%;
silver nitrate.
Viral cervicitis is a complex form of the disease and is difficult to cure. For the treatment of genital herpes, antiviral medications, specific antiherpetic IG, vitamin therapy are used. For the treatment of papilloma virus, intorferon, cytostatics, decalcification of condylomas are used.
Atrophic cervicitis involves the use of estrogen locally, which leads to the regeneration of the vaginal epithelium, the resumption of the natural microflora of the mucosa.
Cervicitis caused by specific bacteria is characterized by additional therapy for the partner.
Chronic active cervicitis is treatable by surgical methods. For this, laser therapy, cryotherapy, and diathermocoagulation are performed. Surgical treatment is indicated in the absence of an inflammatory process. Together with the treatment of cervicitis, other diseases of the genital organs are treated: colpitis, inversion of the vaginal mucosa, salpingooophoritis. At the same time, the microflora of the vaginal mucosa is restored.
Preventive measures include hygiene of the genitals, treatment of infections, and the use of contraception.
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